دانلود تحقیق در مورد عقبماندگی ذهنی و علل آن

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دانلود تحقیق در مورد عقبماندگی ذهنی و علل آن
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font-family:'Calibri','sans-serif';
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<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
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متن اصلی <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
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<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>عقبماندگی ذهنی توان هوشی كمتر از
میانگین جامعه (ضریب هوشی كمتر از 70) كه با یك آزمون استاندارد ضریب هوشی سنجیده میشود.
ضریب هوشی 130-80 طبیعی در نظر گرفته میشود؛ میانگین طبیعی 100 است. اختلال عملكرد
هوشی منجر به عدم توانایی فرد در انجام مسؤولیتهای عادی زندگی میگردد.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
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<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
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(ضریب هوشی 70-50)، متوسط (ضریب هوشی 49-35)، شدید (ضریب هوشی 34-20) و بسیار شدید
(ضریب هوشی كمتر از 20) تقسیمبندی میگردد. عقبماندگی خفیف شایعترین نوع است.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
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<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
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mso-themeshade:191' lang='FA'>علایم شایع<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
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<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>عقبماندگی ذهنی خفیف در بسیاری از موارد
تا هنگامی ورود كودك به مدرسه تشخیص داده نمیشوند. فعالیتهای ذهنی نظیر ریاضیات و حساب
كُندتر از معمول انجام میشود، توانایی خواندن مختل بوده و هیجانات كودك ممكن است بچهگانهتر
از سن واقعیاش باشد. كودك ممكن است فعالتر از حد معمول بوده و یا حركات غیرارادی مكرر
داشته باشد. بیمار ممكن است دچار تأخیر تكاملی بهصورت مشكلات تكلم و زبان، تأخیر در
مهارتهای حركتی، نقایص حسی (كُندی در پاسخ دادن به مردم، صداها، اسباببازیها یا غیره)،
یا اختلالات عصبی باشد. تشنج، بیاختیاری مدفوع و ادرار و مشكلات شنوایی نیز
ممكن است وجود داشته باشد. عقبماندگی شدید و بسیار شدید اغلب در بدو تولد تشخیص داده
میشوند.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
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<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
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mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. اختلالات ژنتیكی ـ مادرزادی متابولیسم
یا اختلالات كروموزومی. نشانگان داون شایعترین اختلالات كروموزومی عامل عقبماندگی ذهنی
است.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:
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<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
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mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. عفونتهای مادرزادی داخل رحمی، اختلال خونرسانی
جفت به جنین، عوارض بارداری (عفونتها، پرهاكلامپسی، اكلامپسی، مصرف الكل یا داروها
توسط مادر یا سوءتغذیه مادر<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
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<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. قبل از تولد ـ زودرس یا دیررس بودن نوزاد، آسیبهای
حین تولد و اختلالات متابولیك<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. پس از تولد ـ اختلالات متابولیك یا غددی، عفونتها،
صدمات، عوامل سمی یا سایر علل آسیب مغزی، سوءرفتار با كودك<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#E36C0A;mso-themecolor:accent6;
mso-themeshade:191' lang='FA'>عوامل افزایشدهنده خطر<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin' lang='FA'>:<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. سابقه خانوادگی عقبماندگی ذهنی:<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>１<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۲. مراقبتهای پیش از زایمانی ضعیف در مورد مادر<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>２<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۳. وضعیت اجتماعیـ اقتصادی نامطلوب خانواده<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#E36C0A;mso-themecolor:accent6;
mso-themeshade:191' lang='FA'>پیشگیری:<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;color:#E36C0A;mso-themecolor:accent6;
mso-themeshade:191' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. در بعضی موارد، علت شناسایی نشده و پیشگیری
خاصی وجود ندارد.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>１<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۲. مشاوره ژنتیك و تشخیص ژنتیكی قبل از زایمان
ممكن است در بعضی موارد كمككننده باشد.<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>２<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۳. مراقبتهای پیش از زایمانی مناسب و خودداری
مادر از سوءمصرف الكل یا داروها نیز كمككننده است.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>３<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۴. درمانها و فنآوریهای جدیدی در دست بررسی
است كه ممكن است میزان بروز عقبماندگی ذهنی را كاهش دهد.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>عواقب موردانتظار:<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. افراد دچار عقبماندگی شدید یا بسیار شدید معمولاً
نیازمند مراقبت دایمی هستند.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>１<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۲. افراد دچار عقبماندگی خفیف، قابلیت فراگیری
برای اداره یك زندگی مفید و بدون وابستگی به دیگران را دارا هستند<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>２<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۳. افراد دچار عقبماندگی متوسط آموزشپذیر هستند،
ولی اغلب نیازمند مراقبتهای حفاظتی (نظیر خانه گروهی) میباشند.<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;color:#E36C0A;mso-themecolor:accent6;
mso-themeshade:191' lang='FA'>عوارض احتمالی<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>:<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>０<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. مشكلات روانی و رفتاری در كودكان<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"MS Gothic";
mso-bidi-font-family:"MS Gothic"' lang='FA'>１<span style='font-family:
"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin' lang='FA'>. ۲. سوءاستفاده از فرد دچار عقبماندگی از جمله
سوءاستفاده جنسی<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>
<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>این فایل به همراه چکیده ، فهرست مطالب ، متن اصلی و منابع تحقیق با
فرمت word <span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>( قابل ویرایش )
در اختیار شما قرار
<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:
Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:
minor-bidi' lang='FA'>می‌گیرد.
تعداد صفحات :15<span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:
minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi' lang='FA'>