ژنتیک به زبان انگلیسی

توضیحات تکمیلی

ژنتیک به زبان انگلیسیمشخصات فایل: پاورپوینت ژنتیک به زبان انگلیسی قالب بندی: پاورپوینت (قابل ویرایش) تعداد اسلاید: 23 بخشی از پاورپوینت: Genetics Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering Selective Breeding Allowing only organisms with desired characteristics to breed Hybridization-crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both organisms Hybrid vigor Selective Breeding Inbreeding-continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics Increased risk of genetic diseases Increasing Variation Genetic variation in a population can be increased by inducing mutations Ex) treat bacteria with radiation Ex) force plants to be polyploids Genetic Engineering Making changes in the DNA code of living organisms DNA Extraction= cells are opened and DNA is seperated Cutting DNA= use restriction enzymes to cut DNA into small pieces Separating DNA= gel electrophoresis uses the different size and charge of molecules to separate the DNA Using the DNA Sequence Knowing the sequence of an organisms’ DNA allows researchers to study specific genes, to compare them with the genes of other organism, to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations Reading the DNA Sequence Cutting and Pasting Short sequences can be assembled using DNA synthesizers and added to natural DNA using enzymes DNA from one organism can be added to another with enzymes Recombinant DNA Making Copies-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Allows us to make many copies of a gene Cell Transformation A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. In bacteria new DNA is added to plasmids Genetic marker is added to the new DNA Cell Transformation-Plants Use bacteria that insert their plasmids into plant cells Remove the cell wall and sometimes plants will take up foreign DNA Directly insert DNA Transformation is successful when recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell Cell transformation-Animals Inject directly into cells (egg cells are large enough) We can knock out specific genes and replace them Transgenic Organisms Organisms that have genes from other organisms Transgenic Microorganism Bacteria have the gene for Human insulin Human growth hormone Human clotting factors Transgenic Animals Animals are more human like so we can study them Live stock are more hardy and produce more Transgenic Plants Add genes for Natural insecticides Resist weed-killing chemicals Plants that produce human antibodies Foods that can resist rot Rice with vitamin A -این پاورپوینت کاملا استاندارد بوده و در تهیه آن کلیه اصول نگارشی رعایت شده است.