اكولوژي ميوه ها سبزيجات

توضیحات

اكولوژي ميوه ها سبزيجات
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<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
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<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;
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<span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
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مجموعه شناختهایی است که انسان درباره اثرات محیط بر روی موجودات<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
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شود، چرا موجود مورد نظر در محیطهای خاص<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
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اثراتی بر موجود زنده دارند؟ و<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
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خود چه تحولاتی در محیط پدید می‌آورد؟ طبیعی است که خود انسان<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
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محیط و موثر بر روی عوامل طبیعت در چارچوپ<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
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text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;background:white'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;
mso-outline-level:1;background:white'><span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'> <span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-font-kerning:18.0pt' lang='AR-SA'>دید کلی<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-font-kerning:18.0pt'>
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;
text-justify:kashida;text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;background:white'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>انگور یا مو با نام
علمی<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>Vitis<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>یکی
از<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:
"2 Zar";color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>انواع<span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>
<span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>گیاهان دو لپه‌ای <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>می‌باشد. انگور یکی
از مهمترین میوه‌هایی است که از زمانهای<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>بسیار قدیم مورد استفاده بشر قرار گرفته است.
بطورکلی ، دو نظریه متفاوت در مورد<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>دیرینگی انگور وجود
دارد. عده‌ای معتقدند که انگور ، حتی قبل از پیدایش غلات ، مورد<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>استفاده بشر قرار گرفته است. انگور بطور
وحشی و به مقدار فراوان در جنگلها وجود<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>داشته و انسانهای
نخستین از برگ و میوه آن بهره می‌جستند. انگور میوه‌ای است بهشتی<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>که شامل ویتامینهای<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'> A , B <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>، <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>C <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>می‌باشد هچنین دارای
مقداری<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>منیزیم <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>،<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>کلسیم<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>،<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>آهن <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>،<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>فسفر <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>،<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>پتاسیم <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>و<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>آلبومین است. انگور یکی از میوه‌های ضد سرطان
شناخته شده است و این به خاطر خواص ضد<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>عفونی کنندگی آن است<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>.
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;
mso-outline-level:1;background:white'><span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma;mso-font-kerning:18.0pt' lang='AR-SA'> فیزیولوژی رشد و نمو انگور<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-font-kerning:18.0pt'>
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;
mso-outline-level:2;background:white'><span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>تعریق<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;
text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;background:white'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>این عمل عبارت است از تبخیر مقدار فراوانی
از آب بطور روزانه توسط<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>برگهای انگور. عوامل
محیطی موثر در میزان تبخیر از سطح برگ عبارتند از: شدت نور ،<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>دما ، رطوبت و باد. نور و دما باعث افزایش تبخیر
ولی رطوبت باعث پایین آمدن میزان<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>تبخیر از<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>سطح برگ <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>می‌شود. جریان هوا و<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>باد میزان تبخیر را افزایش می‌دهد<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;
line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>.
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:
auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;
mso-outline-level:2;background:white'><span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>جذب آب<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>
<p class='MsoNormal' dir='RTL' style='text-align:justify;text-justify:kashida;
text-kashida:0%;line-height:150%;background:white'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>تبخیر آب از سطح برگها ، باعث غلیظ‌تر شدن<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";
color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>شیره<span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>
<span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>یاخته‌ای <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>شده و این غلظت
شیرابه که از بالا به سوی<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";
color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>ریشه <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>ادامه می‌یابد، بوجود
آورنده نیروی کشش است که باعث جذب آب به درون ریشه می‌شود. آب<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:
Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>جذب شده، درون<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";
color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>آوند<span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>
<span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>چوبی <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>به حرکت درآمده و از
طریق آن به تمام یاخته‌ها می‌رسد. در مواردی که رطوبت<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;
mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>هوا زیاد باشد آب بوسیله<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"' lang='AR-SA'> <span dir='LTR' style='font-size:
16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
"2 Zar"'><span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";
color:windowtext;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>فشار<span style='color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>
<span dir='RTL' style='font-family:"2 Zar";color:windowtext;
text-decoration:none;text-underline:none' lang='AR-SA'>اسمزی <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"2 Zar";
mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>وارد ریشه می‌شود که
با حالت اول یعنی کشش تبخیری تفاوت اندکی دارد<span dir='LTR' style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:150%;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"2 Zar"'>. <span style='font-size:16.0pt;line-height:
150%;font-family:"2 Zar";mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma;mso-hansi-font-family:
Tahoma' lang='AR-SA'>